#japanese loan words from portuguese

[divorcetual]

japanese is an interesting language esp. in use of loan words, bcs often when it uses words from a latin based language it changes slightly given its syllabric structure (The japanese alphabet uses a mostly consonant-vowel syllable structure- basically every alphabet character represents a syllable, as opposed to the latin alphabet which represent individual sounds) and how some sounds will exist in latin languages and not in japanese (and vice-versa) And usually the loan words are still recognizable, even if changed slightly (see: kirisuto and christo (kee-ree-soo-tou vs kuu-ree-ss-tou)) but sometimes a loan word had so mant sounds that dont exist in japanese and/or cant be said without a sound added on (see the sharp "s" in christo changed to "su" in japanese) that u look at a word and u go thats not even a loan word atp that is just new vocaulary with one similar syllable

[impetuousdesigns]

借用語・Loanwords

日本語には、いろんな英語の借用語がある、でも英語にはどう？「寿司」や「豆腐」などの食べ物の単語（食語😂）はもちろん、柔道、柔術、空手などの武道の言葉は世界でとても有名だ。侍、着物、鯉、盆栽、カラオケ、俳句もほとんどのアメリカ人に知られていると思う。世界中の人々は津波、可愛い、アニメ、折り紙も聞いたことがあるはず。

「天ぷら」が元々日本語だと思ったが、数年前に天ぷらが多分ポルトガル語の「tempero」という言葉から日本語に入ってきたことを知った。「台風」がアメリカで伝わる、でも英語の「typhoon」の由来は日本語ではない。アラビア語の「ṭūfān」と中国語の「tai fung」から英語に入ってきた*。

驚かせるかもしれない日本語の借用語の２つは「班長」と「大君」。アメリカでは、「班長」が使われているが、英語の意味が日本語の意味とちょっと違う。アメリカの「honcho」（つづりがローマ字と違うが、発音が班長と一緒）は社長やリーダーなどの責任者という意味がある。「大君」は英語で「tycoon」と書き、業界の大物という意味がある。

よく考えてみれば、たくさんの日本語外来語が思い浮かぶ。５歳くらいのとき、有名な曲で「ありがとう」を知ったが、そのとき、ありがとうが日本語だとは知らなかった。同じ年齢で、相撲をテレビで見て兄弟と一緒にやってみたが、相撲が日本のものとは知らなかった。日本に来てから、どれだけ日本のものをすでに知っていたかに気がついた。

Japanese has lots of English loanwords, but what about the other way around? Of course, there are food words like sushi and tofu, and martial arts words like judo, jujitsu, and karate are known around the world. Most Americans surely know samurai, kimono, bonsai, karaoke, and haiku, too. Everyone in the world has words like tsunami, kawaii, anime, and origami. 

I thought tempura was originally Japanese, but a few years ago I found out it came from Portuguese “tempero.” Americans can understand “typhoon,” but it likely didn’t enter English from Japanese. Instead, it is believed typhoon came from the Arabic “ṭūfān” or Chinese “tai fung” into English.*

There are two surprising Japanese loanwords often used in English: honcho and tycoon. The American usage of honcho (班長, which should be more correctly transliterated as hanchō) differs greatly from its usage in Japanese. In American English, a honcho is a company head or leader with great responsibility. A tycoon (大君, taikun) is hardly used in Japanese anymore, but in American English it is a powerful person in any given industry.

  If I think about it, plenty Japanese loan words in English popup in my head. When I was around 5 years old, I knew the famous Styx song** with “arigato” in the lyrics, but I had no idea it was Japanese. Around the same time, I watched sumo wrestling on TV with my siblings, but I had no idea sumo was a Japanese thing. Since coming to Japan, I’ve realized how much Japanese I already knew.

*I got this etymological information from Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/typhoon 

**Enjoy Styx: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uc6f_2nPSX8

[planetpolyglot]

[008] dancing with myself

japanese uses katakana for loanwords. for historical reasons, the older the loan, the lower the possibily that it comes from english. think dutch traders, portuguese missionaries and prussian scholars. to your average japanese monolingual, this poses no issue whatsoever: they dont have to rely on the word's origin to decipher it. but to us gaijin, interpreting katakana at speed is a skill that has to be developed seperately from other reading competences, such as accumulating kanji. and then there are polyglot assholes like me: "can i have the language of origin please?"

usually medical words are german, artistic words are french, and food words are from where the cuisine originated, but sometimes there's nothing to go on. having to sound it out and cycle through all the possibilities is essentially a very agonising game of one-person-charades to me. sometimes i have several ideas of what it can be, but when i look it up it turns out to be none of them. my most recent encounter with brain-breaking gairaigo was アンケート. thankfully i figured it out when someone said 調査, but what english word that vaguely means questionnaire starts with A? nope! i was so wrong. it's supposed to be enquête. i wonder if it would have clicked right away if it was spelled オンケット instead.

and then there was that one time i went to a gelateria with an all-katakana menu. at least i knew i was looking at italian words for foods, but a lot of the flavours were similar colours, so to work out which was which without holding up the line, i had to do japanese-to-italian-to-flavour in my head at breakneck speed, which is about as close as i will ever get to ken jennings' initials-to-roman-numerals-to-numbers moment on jeopardy. thank god italian and japanese phonetics follow mostly the same rules, otherwise i would have just given up and gone to baskin robbins instead. but maybe there's no way to win, cause baskin robbins is called サーティワンアイスクリーム in japan, which is pronounced (you guessed it!) saatiwan aisukuriimu. 31 ice cream. what was wrong with バスキン ロビンス? did a board room full of pretentious snobs just assume that the average japanese person wouldnt be able to parse the name? sounds real patronizing to me. oh well, looks like i'll just be dancing with myself then, on the floors of tokyo.

[fairytail-backgrounds]

Magnolia

could it be Kardia cathedral on the 3rd frame?

regarding "PanPan Bakery" in 4th frame: "pan" is "bread" in Japanese, most likely a loan word (since it's usually written in katakana) from Portuguese (iirc, Japan has been trading with Portugal since at least Oda Nobunaga's time, which is somewhen in 16th century)

Fairy Tail, Ch. 46

[ipaaciir]

Problems, Difficulties and Learnings during the Translation of Scientific Contents for the Interactive Museum "El Rehilete"

The other day I participated in an online congress about innovative educational practices during the pandemic. Each day they talked about a different topic. My main interest from this Congress was Intercultural Education, and today I want to share with you some of my notes. Since sharing all of them would make a very long post, I'll make three different posts.

The first conference was a round table discussion titled "Problemas, dificultades y aprendizajes en la traducción de contenidos científicos en el Museo Interactivo 'El Rehilete'" ["Problems, Difficulties and Learnings during the Translation of Scientific Contents for the Interactive Museum 'El Rehilete'"].

So for context, El Rehilete is an interactive museum for children in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Other similar museums in the country are Papalote, Museo del Niño in Mexico City and Trompo Mágico in Jalisco. Their aim is to teach children about multiple sciences by playing.

Mexico is one of the most linguistically diverse countries, with 68 indigenous languages, each with its own variants, besides Spanish. In Hidalgo, around 12.3% of the population speaks an indigenous language. It's for this that the museum wanted to make its contents more accessible. They hired three indigenous women: Irla Elida Vargas del Ángel, speaker of Nahuatl; Lauriana Ñonthe Silis, speaker of Hñähñu (Otomi); and Juana Quirino Santiago, speaker of Tepehua, to translate texts and make recordings for the guided tour in their own indigenous languages. For now, the museum is closed due to the pandemic, but everything is ready for when it opens.

The translators found many difficulties, here I'm going to point out the ones I found more interesting:

The translating job in Mexico is not very valued/appreciated. [Personal note:] In other words, they think it's easy and/or pay too little, and/or they don't see it as relevant.

Some words don't exist in the other language. This might not come as a surprise to some of us. Nevertheless, when we think of this situation, we tend to think about rare or specific words, like "cafuné" from Portuguese or "tsundoku" from Japanese. This was not the case for the translators. Two of them (explicitly) pointed out "dinosaur" as a nonexisting word. In fact, many scientific terms showed the gap in indigenous languages. Therefore, they turned to use loan words.

There's a lack of standardization for indigenous languages. This meant some difficulty for the selection and writing of some words and expressions.

Also, the lack of resources. When you need a word in Spanish or any other majority language, you just go to a dictionary or to a thesaurus to find it. But for indigenous languages, there's not such a thing.

These are just the linguistic difficulties, but Irla Elida Vargas del Ángel, translator for Nahuatl, also mentioned some cultural problems:

We know there are living (animals, plants...) and nonliving things (minerals), but for the Nahuas, everything is alive. How do we deliver this information if it goes against their beliefs?

Also, in the Nahua culture, the wind is a deity, so when talking about wind energy ("energía eólica" in Spanish, from Eolo, the god of wind in Greek mythology), how do we name it without violating the deity, the religion?

For these people, everything is concrete, everything exists. So, what do we do when talking about optical illusions?

The shadow is of great importance to this community. In the Nahua culture, it's believed the shadow is related to ancestral health (as far as I understood, some clarification would be appreciated). At the museum, there's an activity called "Congela tu sombra" ["Freeze your shadow"]. Just... how?

Other reflections made by the translators was that they weren't completely alone for this project, they turned to their elderly to find a way to handle some topics or how to translate some things. That way, the main source is not only the norm of the language (if it even exists) but also your own family and community. They also commented that the translation and interpretation labor requires a lot of preparation since you have to know very well both cultures. Finally, one of them said it's definitely not the same thing to speak and to write, since they also made the guided tours recordings.

This is it for now, later (and I mean, another day) I'll upload the rest of my notes.

[mixelation]

@inkscription reminded me that i completely forgot to leave notes on the card game in Plasticity:

I wrote that scene while I was rewatching part of Yu-Gi-Oh and kept getting ads for the anime Chihayafuru, which I assume kept getting recommended to me because of Yu-Gi-Oh, as it's also about playing a specific card game. (Side note: I've also gotten more than one recommendation for Squid Game based on "you like children's games that end in death, right?") I had never heard of the game in Chihayafuru, so I looked it up. The game is uta-garuta ("poetry karuta"), with "karuta" being a loan word of the Portuguese word for card, carta. I'm not going to go into detail about the rules, but basically you have some cards with poems laid out before you, and someone reads out a part of a poem. The first person to to slap the corresponding card wins.

Because I do love card games and was rewatching YGO, I wanted to include a card game in Plasticity, and I wanted it to be something Tori had never heard of. I preferred an actual Japanese game, so I read this page on competitive karuta and watched some videos on competitive karuta. While I thought the game was really cool and have Chihayafuru on my to-watch list now, I didn't think it was a game a lot of ninja would play (due to having to memorize specific poems, and also it can't really be played quietly in your shared barracks or whatever), and also I wanted Tori to be able to catch on quickly by observation.

So, in the line where Itachi says something like, "Were you expecting karuta?" he means uta-garuta or competitive karuta. Because karuta is literally just a loan word for card, I'm not sure if it encompasses other card games when used in Japanese... however in the English-language videos I watched, they just said "karuta" or "competitive karuta," so I figured this was the proper "translation" into English. I'm not sure this is correct or if anyone who has a better knowledge of whole topic would agree, but given I just wrote about how language in Naruto is a trap, I figured I'd give my reasoning LMAO. (Where did the word and the European suited card decks come from if there's no Portugal? Who knows! It's like the New World foods! Don't think about it!)

The line about "This isn't Fire Country!" when Tori complains about there being too many suits is meant to imply a different type of card deck with a different number of suits exists/is popular in Fire Country, mostly to cover my own ass if someone produced screen shots of Tsunade or someone playing with standard French-suited cards.

A lot of Tori's experiences with "culture shock" actually come from me having lived & worked abroad. I once accidentally bought a Spanish-suited deck of cards and I just remember dealing the cards for a game the first time and being like: oooooh I made a mistake. I read the wikipedia page on karuta (used here in the sense of "Japanese cards games") and picked the unsen karuta deck as the most oooooh I made a mistake worthy. The game I described them playing is completely made up because I couldn't find a good description of a specific game before I ran out of steam researching.

The whole card game thing was meant to highlight one of Tori's strengths, which is that she can pick up on "rules" via observation and then (with some fumbling practice) play along as well as the next person. It also helped that she went into it already understanding the basics of how card games work-- i.e., she's not used to playing with five suits, but she understands the basics of probability and how that ties into your chances of making a specific pattern. Basically, it's a reminder to the rest of the cast that a lot of her seemingly bizarre/stupid behavior is literally just ignorance, and she's secretly pretty clever underneath it. :P

[seakingtruth]

MAGNUS HAN, MD

(gong yoo, cismale, 39, he/him) whoa is that magnus han i saw leaving their apartment? can you believe that they’ve been living here for the past two years? it seems like yesterday they were just moving in. word on the street is that they’re pretty keen & astute, but can be pretty capricious & underhanded as well. i’ve heard they’re a psychiatrist, which is pretty fitting for someone who is rumored to be the poseidon reincarnation. on the night of the murder they were supposedly caring for a kitten he extracted from the hood of his car, but who knows if that story is true or not. 

shoutout to the admins for making this template or god knows how i was supposed to introduce this mf to y'all. SLKJSKJD. but hello, my name is solar and i'll be your mun today. this guy is perhaps a feather's length away from being the biggest dumpster fire even though he's almost 40, but you can never know when life can twist for the better or for the worse, right?

SWIM WITH THE TIDE, FOR THOU SHALT NOT BE HARMED...

alas, the time of the most despicable man is coming, he that is no longer able to despise himself. behold, i show you the last man. "what is love? what is creation? what is longing? what is a star?"—thus asks the last man, and he blinks. the earth has become smaller, and on it hops the man who makes everything small. "we have invented happiness"—say the last men, and they blink.

BASICS

full name: magnus han name meaning: 'han' is a korean surname that characterizes strength and leadership. 'magnus' originates from the scandinavians, which was used as a title for kings to signify 'the great.' nickname / alias: N/A. he's not fond of playing friends in that sort of manner, will most likely threaten to cut ties over silly nicknames as well bc it embarrasses him. gender / pronouns: cismale, he/him sexuality: pansexual age, birthday + zodiac: january 2nd, 1983 (39), capricorn place of birth: seattle, wa reincarnation of: poseidon job: psychiatrist residence: 505 song: blue world by mac miller

APPEARANCE

faceclaim: gong yoo height: 192cm / 6ft 3.5in eye color: warm brown hair color + appearance: medium-length, jet black curls that sometimes inadvertently shields his eyes build: swole enough for strangers to wonder if he hits the gym frequently, but not enough to win a drunk fight against an angry mob at a nightclub he was planning to get blacked out at. tattoos: scars: left cranium (has a thin curved line of no hair due to a past craniotomy),various small 1″ nicks (bilateral arms, abdomen, one on his right cheek) from a shrapnel ‘accident’ 2 years ago, 1 stab wound to the left of his heart from an attempted assassination when he was a kid

PERSONALITY

positive traits: keen, astute. perceptive, eloquent, decisive, negative traits: capricious, underhanded. superstitious, evasive, prejudiced, likes: money, people-watching, swindling monetary gains from those he deems worthy of sucking up their losses, sports dislikes: responsibilities, children, felines. hobbies: darts, blackjack, gambling, ‘mixology’

RELATIONSHIPS

parents: deadbeat loan shark father (living), battered mother (deceased) siblings: 1 older, 2 younger children: none (that he knows of) significant other: too many during his golden days, if they even count. currently single, cannot endorse whether or not he's ready to mingle. friends: pets: a family of hissing cockroaches he encountered when he first moved in. currently MIA (or are they?) enemies: has plenty from the past, especially around the time his father accrued an excruciating pile of debt and ppl were out for the children's head as a form of repayment. magnus also made a lot of poor decisions that made him an unfavorable character to certain individuals.. but to whom? we may never truly know unless you interact with him ;P

MENTAL

education: Yale medical school graduate and certified MD, completed psych residency in '08 languages: english, korean, japanese, mando/canto, portuguese disorders: father had undiagnosed schizophrenia that may have trickled now to magnus with subsequent psychosis. oops. also MDD, paranoid personality disorder. phobias: any and all feline species, knives

[post-punk-post-twink]

***Here's some linguistic trivia for you dweebs*** The crux of it: Chinese (ANY Chinese language), Japanese, and Korean are all completely unrelated to each other--in terms of linguistic origin and base grammar. According to linguistic theory, Portuguese and Hindi have a more recent common ancestor than any of those three do with each other. The details: It's true that Japanese uses many Chinese characters and classical Korean did as well, but the Chinese writing system was introduced looong after the three language groups developed, and the pronunciations of the syllables are completely different between the three countries. That isn't to say that there aren't loan words. But, it's kind of like how Basque has picked up Spanish and French words as well as the Latin alphabet over the centuries, but Basque is not an Indo-European language and is therefore completely unrelated from literally anything else still spoken in Europe. Japanese and Korean are separate, isolated anomalies. Anyway. I've happened to hear several people say they think they would have an easy time learning Japanese since they've learned Korean already, etc., or since they understand Mandarin, they can figure out some Japanese grammar. But now you know. Don't be fooled. The (pre-)history of the world is pretty complicated (If you're curious, Mandarin is part of the second largest language family, Sino-Tibetan. See chart.)

[marcmaccoy]

”LA DIVERSIÓN EN IDIOMAS”

The title above is translated as, “The fun in languages”, something that I never really felt and had at the beginning. Ever since the quarantine started, I really did not plan to do anything nor to improve myself in any of my hobbies at all. Maybe it’s because I expected that all these crisis will be over in a week or two, which obviously and sadly, did not happen. Before, I just like to play my musical instruments, paint, and I got into Korean Dramas as well because of my friends. Sometimes, I bond with my pets and do cooking experiments too. All of these are done in order for me to avoid boredom. However, as time goes by, those things became a bit dull to me and I felt the need to discover something new.

Let me share a bit of my journey first.

As I watch Korean Dramas, I got this tendency to copy what they say and it became a habit of mine whenever I want to express something. So instead of saying, “Salamat” or “Thank you”, I often say, “감사”(gam-sa) which is an informal way of saying “Thank you” in Korean. Also, “안녕”(an-nyeong) which means “Hi”, “네”(ne) which means “Yes”, “아니”(ah-ni) which means “No” and many more. At that time, I didn’t know how to read their alphabet yet but because of my curiosity, I’ve thought of studying it. Surprisingly, I learned “한글”(han-geul) or the Korean Alphabet in just a day! Nine total hours to be exact. I was dumbfounded by how I was able to understand that in just a short manner of time. This inspired me to continue moving forward until I decided to finally learn the Korean language.

In the middle of my journey learning the said language, I began to encounter a lot of interesting facts about it. Such as it wasn’t the writing system of Korea before and how it only existed at about 578 years ago during King Sejong’s reign. It is said that “한글”(han-geul) was created in order for people with little to no education could learn how to read and write. Because before, many Koreans are illiterate due to their very complex Chinese-based writing system called Hanja (漢字) which is difficult to understand. Meaning to say, it was created by the King for the purpose of literacy. Also, the shapes of the letters in 한글 was based on the surroundings and how you say it. These are among the facts that I knew while I became deeply interested in Korea’s traditions, history, and cultures. I was so excited to be fluent that time. I even made flashcards to enhance my vocabularies, watched a lot of tutorials on YouTube, surfed many websites on the Internet, and proceeds to watch Korean series. Little did I know, I was going to unexpectedly give up studying this language. Why? Well, when I got into its grammar, I was surprised by how complicated it is. I also saw videos on YouTube about Filipino learners of the Korean Language that aren’t still fluent after years of studying. So I got a bit down and frankly, I lost my motivation.

Even so, my language learning journey did not stop there. I still want to learn a foreign language that interests me other than the ones I already know which is Filipino, my native mother-tongue and English, my second language. I tried Japanese because of Animes but it was a bit complicated too. They have three kinds of writing systems and the grammar is similar to Korean. French because I have a French uncle and a Filipino cousin and aunt which speaks fluent French but when I knew how it sounded and how the words were pronounced, I already lost hope. French pronunciation is too complicated for me. I also dig up about German because my main to-go-to country in the future is Switzerland and of course, I would want to communicate with people there. However, German is laborious too! The words, the combinations of letters, and the grammar is too confusing. Until I finally encountered the language that’s spoken by the first colonizer of my motherland and it is no other than Spanish.

I started by memorizing basic phrases such as, “Gracias”, “De nada”, “Hola”, and a lot more. I was, once again, amazed by how easy this language is spoken. It is because Spanish is a phonetic language. Meaning, the words are pronounced exactly the way they are spelled. Also since Spain colonized my country for about 333 years, we adopted a lot of words from them which are now considered as loan words. It is estimated that about 4,000+ Tagalog and 6,000 Visayan words came from Spain. Some of the examples include baso(vaso), lamesa(la mesa), tinidor(tenidor), kutsara(cuchara), bumbilya(bombilla), and banyo(baño). As well as the number system, the names of the months, days, expressions, greetings, and many more. For this reason, I was determined to continue learning it because unlike in the other languages, there is no need for me to struggle in memorizing new vocabularies.

I did the same things I did to Korean and just added some new tactics. While my school is on a term break after the first semester, I enrolled at a Spanish Beginner course online where we are taught by a Filipino teacher who is fluent in 5 languages: English, Tagalog, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian. My cousin from France, who’s also fluent in Spanish, gave me books like Spanish dictionaries and grammar textbooks for writing and reading purposes. I was also able to use my Netflix binge-watching skills and started to watch a lot of Spanish series for listening purposes. And on YouTube, I began to discover facts about Spain. Their rich culture, history, and traditions, and how their language was influenced by Arabic as well. Additionally, Spanish is the 2nd most spoken language in the world, surpassing the English language, having over 460 million native speakers located in Spain and in Latin American countries. It is also the 3rd most used language on the internet. That’s a lot of people to talk to!

Furthermore, did you know that being multilingual gives your brain several remarkable advantages? Some of it can be seen such as higher density of the grey matter that contains most your brain’s neurons and synapses. It also helps our brain engage in more activities in certain regions where that language is spoken. And although not yet definitively proven, learning many languages decreases the rate of having dementia by 5 years! In addition, more businesses nowadays are seeking applicants who can navigate the modern global economy. It can be seen that in the 21st Century, knowing a second language is not only beneficial, but necessary for success in life. The continual globalization of the world’s economy is bringing diverse cultures and communities into more frequent contact with each other.

Looking back in time, I was nothing like this way before the quarantine started. Learning languages was never really included in my interests. But now, it is! In fact, I am even determined to shift my college course to something related to languages and pursue a master’s degree about linguistics. Indeed, it changed my life. It changed how I see things from a monolingual perspective and it opened a new horizon for me. Gladly, I was even able to have Spanish speaking friends! I have this one friend from Peru who speaks fluent Spanish and I happily encountered Spanish native people here in Facebook who are trying to learn a different language as well.

Overall, my experience was a blast! There are times that I became tired and almost lose my motivation because of how slow my progress is. But even so, I will not give up. I am not fluent yet and I still have a lot to know but I will keep on practicing until I become one. I believe that in the near future, it will open new opportunities that will be helpful for me too. Moreover, It has always been my dream to travel and I truly think that language learning will be an aid to that. Hoping that I’ll be able to talk to that nearing 500 million people soon!

Before I end my blog, I just want to share this quote from Charlemagne, also known as Karl and Charles the Great, a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe during 768-814, “To have another language is to possess a second soul.”

Bueno. Eso es todo. Gracias por su tiempo leyendo mi blog. Espero que encuentres algo interesante. Además, a aquellos que están aprendiendo otro idioma, nunca perder la esperanza! Pronto seremos fluidos.

Truly, there is fun in languages.

[okinawanonline]

On Japanese Loanwords in Okinawan

In my article on the different philosophies in learning Okinawan, I’ve touched up on the relatively low amount of Okinawan vocabulary and the language’s need for loanwords. I intend to get into more detail on this here. I was hoping for this article to be more structured, but it ended up being much more of a stream-of-consciousness venting of frustrations. And you know what? It’s a cluster of thoughts I think are worth sharing.

The Okinawan Language Dictionary is the preeminent and most definitive lexicon of the Okinawan language. The OLD lists 14,549 words in the Okinawan language. This is an incredibly low count, especially when you consider the (admittedly ranging) vocabulary count of other languages with English coming in with 350,000 words, the influential Chinese coming in at around 370,000 words, and Okinawan’s own relative Japanese ranging at around 500,000 words.

What this means is that to have even a basic conversation in Okinawan, you will need loanwords. The Okinawan language is without words that, while not so significant during Okinawa’s relative isolation from the rest of the world, are crucial to today’s society. Okinawan lacks words for the days of the week, any number larger than ten (up until one thousand), animals not native to Okinawa, most countries, inventions after, say, the 16th century, and, as far as I can tell, how to tell the exact time (if you look up the Japanese phrase “何時/nanji/What time?” in the Okinawan Language Dictionary, it redirects you to the Okinawan word “いち/ichi” which is the cognate with the much more vaguer Japanese word “いつ/itsu/When”). And so on.

And, obviously, that’s not to say modern Okinawans are unfamiliar with these concepts. Most (and, frankly, likely all) Okinawans speak the Japanese language natively, more so than the Okinawan language. Native Okinawan speakers still speak or at the very least can understand the Japanese language. There are so many concepts that they are used to doing in Japanese that can make conversation in pure Okinawan difficult if not impossible without switching to the Okinawan dialect of Japanese.

So, it’s only natural that when Okinawan doesn’t have a word, you loan the word you’re looking for from Japanese, even if that word is in and of itself loaned from another language like Chinese, English, or Portuguese. But then that raises the question of how do you loan a word from Japanese?

In European languages like English, words are loaned from other languages pretty much how they are. German terms used in the psychology field or French words in many more contexts come to mind. They can even be pronounced with their native German or French pronunciations though they often take on a form closer to the English pronunciation system. Anything is fine thanks to the versatility and wiggle room for interpretation in the alphabet.

East Asian languages tend to be different. When Chinese, Korean, or Japanese loans a word, these words must fit the stricter and often unique pronunciation systems and writing scripts of these languages. Korean uses a phonetic system that the loan word needs to fit into. Chinese breaks down the sounds of the loaned word and prescribes certain characters with similar sounds to it. Japanese has a whole writing script devoted to foreign loan words in the form of katakana but it still follows a phonetic system that the loan word must fit into. Things can get more complicated when the three mentioned languages loan words from each other in which the loaned word is less of a breakdown of the word’s native pronunciation to fit the loaning language’s system and more of a loaning language’s reading of the Chinese characters used to write the loaned word. The Chinese word for China is Zhongguo but the Japanese word for China isn’t ジョンググオ/jonguguo, but 中国/chuugoku as the characters for zhongguo are read that way in Japanese.

So relating that back to Okinawan, when Okinawan loans a word from Japanese, do we: A) Take the Japanese word and alter the phonetics to meet the Okinawan phonetic system OR B) Take the Japanese word as it is, complete with bringing over the Japanese phonetic system for that word.

I wish I had an answer for you. In fact, this very question has been one of the greatest hurdles in me learning Okinawan as the answer appears to be both.

Take the word 琉球 for example. It originated as a Chinese word, liuqiu. When the word was brought to Japanese, 琉球 had to match the Japanese phonetic system so it shifted into ryuukyuu. When the word was then brought from Japan to Okinawa, it had to meet the Okinawan phonetic system and so it was read as ruuchuu in Okinawan.  

But meanwhile, we have the Japanese word 新型コロナウイルス/shingata korona uirusu, the term most often used to refer to the COVID-19 virus. 新型 literally means “new form.” While there is no equivalent for 新型 listed in the OLD, 型 is used in the Okinawan language and it can be read as gata in the same context as Japanese. 新, on the other hand, is a different story as it is never pronounced as shin in the OLD. Instead, 新 is given the reading of mii in the Okinawan language for the same context as when it is pronounced shin in Japanese. Could we loan the word 新型 into Okinawan? If so, would it be read as shingata or would it be read as miigata?

Well, the COVID-19 virus is, as you can imagine, a pretty big deal and is being spoken about in several Okinawan sources including the Hougen News broadcast as well as on blogs in the Okinawan language. The ゆんたく物語 blog calls it 新コロナウイルス/mii korona uirusu. This is interesting as it does not loan 新型. Rather, it simply uses the prefex version of “new”, 新 with the Okinawan reading. Instead of saying “the new form of coronavirus,” it’s saying “the new coronavirus” He was able to talk around the word that would have been loaned which is an important lesson to learn — You can avoid the loanword oddities if you talk around the word you need to loan.

However, the Hougen News Broadcast simply loans the term from Japanese, Japanese reading and all. Hougen News Broadcast says 新型コロナウイルス/shingata korona uirusu even in the context of the Okinawan language.

Can you hear my head blowing up in confusion?

To use another example from ゆんたく物語, the blog translates the Japanese phrase “同じ価値観/onaji kachikan/Same sense of values” into “同ぬ考え/I nu kangee/Same thinking.” Is having the same sense of values the same thing as having the same way of thinking? It is interesting that, despite Okinawan being so strongly related to Japanese, the amount of abstract thinking and vocabulary required to translate sentences is much higher than you would think.

Of course, unless you take the other approach of loanwords like how Hougen News used 新型コロナウイルス. Modern day Okinawan and Japanese share a special relationship where everyone who speaks Okinawan also speaks Japanese and Japanese is more comprehensive in nearly every scenario. The number of loanwords you can take from Japanese without even changing the pronunciation is impressive but then you get the question of how many loanwords can you use before you’re just talking Japanese with Okinawan grammar?

Meanwhile, we have the textbook 沖縄語の入門. Like I said before, there are no words for the day of the week listed in the OLD. However, 沖縄語の入門 loans the word “土曜日/doyoubi/Saturday” from Japanese and changes the reading of the characters to be duyuubi.

WHY? WHY? WHY? WHY?

沖縄語の入門 is pretty much the most reliable text for modern day Okinawan so I’m not keen on handwaving this away as a mistake. But it makes me wonder what the other days of the week are. Is it Getsuyuubi (or does the tsu change to a chi or a ti or something?), Kayuubi, Suiyuubi, Mukuyuubi, Kinyuubi, and Nichiyuubi or am I missing something?

Although, that being said, 沖縄語の入門 does use the wrong words for “11, 12, 13” and so on. It uses the Okinawan words “tuutiichu, tuutaachi, tuumiichi” and so on when they should be “juuichi, juuni, juusan”, etc. Multiple texts and native speakers corroborate that the counting system from 11 onwards (until 1,000) is identical to Japanese. Is duyuubi another one of these mistakes? Hougen News uses doyoubi from Japanese. I think. It can be really hard to tell the difference sometimes.

Things like this have been what’s been keeping me from updating this blog in a while as I’m having a hard time finding out when its appropriate to use a loanword and when it is not, as well as when the loanword keeps its Japanese pronunciation and when it receives and Okinawanization.

Desperate venting of confusion over.

[the-new-anime-girl]

Oooo, interesting! Japanese has some loan words from Portuguese, so it would make sense if the chosen way of writing "Knut" in Japanese was influenced by the Portuguese writing!

I'm rewatching Vinland Saga before continuing with season 2, and now, as a Norwegian, is the perfect time to say:

I didn't understand what the fuck kinda name Canute was, it took me well over a year before I realised its probably supposed to be Knut

Goddamn KNUT! Ca-nu-te NO, KNUT

That's one of the most boring, standard male names in Norwegian. Like 1/4 of my ancestors were named Knut.

Norse to Japanese to romaji is weird af

And I cannot connect Knut to Canute, this dude:

Also MAL says his title is "Cnut the great" which, fine, that is A way to spell it, but it now its very close to "cunt" . Great job everyone 👍

(I love it, and all the other norse names written in romaji from Japanese. Even the ones correctly written (Leif, Einar), but lacking modern Scandinavian letters like "Hakon" and "Bjorn")

[butcanyoujustimagine]

Hawaiian Pidgin English: The Story of My Second Language

This is my story about growing up in the Hawaiian Islands and how speaking Hawaiian Pidgin English with coworkers and family. 

For anyone who grew up in the Hawaiian Islands, you’re used to hearing ‘da kine __’ or ‘not pau yet’. You might be used to responding to family members or friend’s cooking with ‘ono, broke da mout!’ 

For many people who call the Hawaiian Islands Home, from Big Island all the way to Kau’i, we’re used to using words loaned from English, Hawaiian, Portuguese, Japanese, Filipino, Chinese, and many other languages in conversation. It’s as simple as tying your shoe or brushing your teeth, but to tourists, I’ve overheard older white people complain to themselves or travelling companions that hearing it sounds like nails on a chalk-board. I’ve been told that I was butchering the English language by a few people from England who didn’t like that I was speaking to my coworker in it. In high school in Ireland, I was yelled at by a girl in the hallway when I was on the phone with my mom, speaking Hawaiian Pidgin English to stop speaking and speak normally (I’m assuming normal to her meant regular English).

I grew up on the Island of O’ahu with my mom, my sister-in-law, and many family members in Nānākuli, a Hawaiian Homestead on the leeward side of O’ahu. Being of Hawaiian, Asian, and white descent, I grew up speaking Pidgin as a second language, right after the dying Hawaiian Language my mother insisted on teaching my siblings and me (Mahalo, meme!) But speaking Pidgin was considered, even by teachers, to be a ‘bad’ thing that ‘needed to be stopped’ as I was ‘butchering the English Language.’

Even after pleads about history, how the language is important to my culture and a part of my identity, people still didn’t wanna hear me speaking Pidgin in the hallways (but Ōlelo Hawaiʻi was better, but speak I was encouraged to speak English in the hallways). I eventually ignored their comments about it and ended up talking louder to spite them (I’m an asshole, just ask anyone who knows me.)

Hawaiian Pidgin English is now recognised as an actual language and not a dialect, a huge move foreword in acceptance of the language for tourists and a celebration for everyone who speaks it. Thpugh we still have a long way to go towards exceptance (ie, the white laddies that would tell me I was only confusing my niece and nephew because I was speaking that horrible ‘tongue’), HPE will hopefully never die out and live on for years to come.

[howwelldoyouknowyourmoon]

I accidentally joined one cult after leaving the Unification Church cult

I decided I needed to get out of this church immediately, before I became some stranger’s child bride.

by HANNAH               November 21, 2014

When we opened our eyes, I could still feel the fleeting warmth from his hands placed on my head. We sat in a circle as he led us into a quiet chant known as the “moola mantra.”

“Moola? Like money?” I wondered. The incense smoke snaked throughout the room. I noticed a donation bowl being passed around. Yes. Like money.

“Sat chi ananda. Parabrahma. Purushathama. Paramatma. Sri Bhaghavathi Sametha. Sri Bhagavathe Namaha.”

I readily joined the others in chanting, not really knowing what they were saying. When I couldn’t remember the next phrase, I just Milli-Vanilli’d my way through it, letting the other voices fill in the gaps for me. I’ve had a lifetime of chanting in a language I didn’t understand to prepare myself for this.

In 1982, my parents, among many others, had an arranged mass marriage at Madison Square Garden (photo above), performed by the infamous Sun Myung Moon. With a simple hand gesture, Sun Myung Moon matched my parents together among a sea of brides and grooms, and five years later, I was born, the second of four children. It’s always troubling to think about how my very existence was decided by some Washington-Times-owning, money-laundering, homophobic, sushi tycoon/sexist cult leader, but I guess it makes things interesting.

Our childhood was…weird, in a word. Even as a kid I found myself thinking, “Why are we selling flowers at the side of highways?” “Why are we going door-to-door making strangers drink juice?” “Why are we sprinkling salt over our groceries?” “Why are we waking up at 5 a.m. to bow to a picture of a Korean man and a bowl of fruit?” “Why are we chanting right now, I mean, really? What language is this? I’m tired.”

Friends would come over and ask who the Korean people were in the photos around our house, referring to the Mr. and Mrs. Sun Myung Moon.

“I…uh…they’re my grandparents.” I often found myself saying.

“But…you’re…not Asian,” they’d reply, stating the obvious.

I’ll never forget my birthday during the blizzard of ’96. My parents took us to one of Moon’s mansions in D.C. to meet some witch doctor of a woman. She claimed to embody the spirit of Sun Myung Moon’s dead mother. We stood in line behind a closed door in the foyer.

Before the door slammed shut, I caught a glimpse of a large group of people gathered around a woman and a boy. The woman had her eyes closed with the boy sprawled over her lap. He wasn’t wearing a shirt and seemed to be crying. Red marks were all over him. He tried to escape her grip, arms extended to what I assumed to be his mother, who sat silently in the circle. Then, the door shut. I’m haunted.

Finally, my turn came. I nervously sat myself next to the woman. She lifted my shirt, prepubescent chest exposed, as the captive audience watched as I was hit several times on my back. She prayed in Korean over me. And then, applause. It was over. Somewhere, there is a photo of my brother and I standing in front of the mansion after the woman hit us that day. We were smiling.

Beyond the ritual abuse, there was a certain strain of poverty that only a child of a cult could understand. You get used to communal living and sleeping on floors very quickly.

Before we eventually settled in the D.C. metropolitan area, we had traveled around the country, staying in attics, basements, and church-owned hotels and mansions. There’s a very real cognitive dissonance that occurs when you’re living in a mansion, sleeping in a tiny bedroom with all six members of your family. In that mansion, I befriended a young, Japanese opera singer who lived on the top floor. She’d French braid my hair and show me pictures of her fiancé, a man she had yet to meet.

I thought this was so strange, but I would later learn that being “matched,” or engaged to a stranger in another country was common. At 17, it happened to one of my best friends. I’ll never forget the look of misery on her face as she stood in her wedding dress, among the sea of brides and grooms, holding the picture of her future husband.

It was then that I decided I needed to get out of this church, immediately, before I became some stranger’s child bride.

Within days of that decision, I got a phone call from an old friend.

“Do you want to get your third-eye opened?” She asked.

“Do I…what?”

“You heard me. Get your third-eye…opened.”

When we arrived at the house, a blue-eyed man answered the door.

“David!” Joanna squealed. “It’s so good to see you!” He wrapped his arms around her, practically swallowing her tiny frame. “Hannah, this is David. We met at a commune conference. We couldn’t stop staring at each other from across the room. It was kismet.”

David laughed and put out his hand to shake mine. “Nice to meet you, Hannah.” He led us inside, where a bald-headed man was sitting cross-legged on the floor, eyes closed deep in meditation.

He opened his eyes and spoke with a soft cadence. He introduced himself as Daniel. He told us that he had recently returned from a trip to India, where he received a special blessing known as “deeksha,” from a group called “The Oneness Movement.” By taking part in this expensive ceremony in India, he became empowered to pass this gift of enlightenment to us.

He instructed us to close our eyes as he guided us into meditation. He came around the room and gently placed his hands on our heads. I was struck by the similarities of this ritual with another my parents performed for my birthday. There is something spiritual about having someone caress the crown of your head while they speak in soft tones over you. I felt enlightened, or at least relaxed. Like Fox Mulder [The X-Files], I wanted to believe. But there was a Dana Scully in the back of my head that wouldn’t completely let me.

I began attending meetings regularly. Daniel and I developed a close friendship where we spoke on the phone daily. At one point, I was $300 short for my rent, and without blinking, he loaned me the money. Three months later, I found myself riding in a car with him to attend a Oneness Movement get-together in Pittsburg.

We pulled up to a row house in Pittsburg, where we were greeted warmly by a jolly man. He placed prayer beads over our heads, luau-style. “Namaste,” he bowed, and we did the same. He led us upstairs to his railroad apartment and gave us a tour.

“And this…is my Christmas room.” It was August.

There were two entirely decorated trees with trains circling around them. Presents galore. Reindeer, flashing lights, snowmen. It was Christmas hell. I took a seat, completely entranced and horrified by the mechanical Santa’s never-ending “ho-ho-ho” mantra. I kept thinking, “Where am I?”

Daniel called me into the next room where others had already gathered and were chanting in harmony.

“Sat chi ananda. Parabrahma. Purushathama. Paramatma. Sri Bhaghavathi Sametha. Sri Bhagavathe Namaha.”

I sat on my knees, and just as I was about to lower my head in a child’s pose bow, I noticed a familiar face from across the room. She looked a lot like Diane, a Moonie truck driver who would stop and make us oxtail soup when she passed through town. She loved talking about God with my parents. No. It couldn’t be. It was. Our eyes met. In a panic, I lowered my forehead to the ground to hide my face.

Finally, the chants subsided, and a faint voice spoke up. “Hi, I’m Anthony and I prepared a song for you all.” I slowly raised my body, trying to hide my face behind my hair. A mousy-looking teenager stood before us, boom box ready. The familiar sound of chimes and wind instruments filled the room. I knew this song.

“Olha eu vii lue mostar…” He sang. “Como é belo este mundo…”

He was singing “A Whole New World,” the Disney classic, in Portuguese. I noticed Diane was full-on staring at me. I panicked just as Anthony’s falsetto kicked in for Princess Jasmine’s part of the duet.

“Um mundo ideal…Um mundo que eu nunca vi…”

I looked around the room, scanning for any sign of acknowledgement from another human. Nothing. I noticed everyone in the room was in fact, crying. Was I that cynical? Should I feel something right now? Watching Anthony shimmy his way through the intense key change was definitely a spiritual experience, but I still didn’t want to give these people my money. I felt duped. This “whole new world” suddenly felt a lot like the old one.

I retreated to the Christmas room in an attempt to hide from Diane. On a table, I noticed a photograph of Sri Bhaghavan and his wife, the founders of the Oneness movement. They were sitting in chairs, like royalty. The photograph was nearly identical to ones my parents kept of my pseudo Korean “grandparents.” Horrified by the parallels, my inner Dana Scully finally broke through.

I spent the rest of my time at the retreat doing just that — retreating. I slithered along the walls, and managed to avoid a conversation with Diane other than, “funny meeting you here” and “please don’t tell my parents.”

When I left my respective cults, I was excited to be integrated into the real world, a place without cults, or so I thought. Not so. These days, I see cults everywhere: cults of influence, cults of institutions, cults of politics. You learn a lingo, you follow a set of rules, a code of ethics. Sometimes you wear a uniform and a name tag. Sometimes you are sleep-deprived and haven’t seen your family in weeks. In a world where CEO’s are more likely be to sociopaths, it’s harder to define what is a cult and what isn’t.

What’s important is listening to your inner Dana Scully, no matter how badly you want to believe. The truth is out there, sure, but it’s also inside you.

_______________________________________

Hannah

After selling flowers as a child with the Moonies, Hannah is now a part-time florist. Her life has hilariously come full circle. She is also a songwriter and musician. She is a student majoring in human services and hopes for a career in social justice advocacy.

_______________________________________

A few of the comments on Hannah’s story:

mrsdanger So interesting, would love to hear about your life now and your parents’ reaction to leaving.

Keith All religions are cults, some are more destructive than others. Thank you for sharing your story. Write another story for us later to let everyone know how you are doing on your new journey.

sara_ahoy I understood what she was trying to say here. A lot of successful people become that way because they refuse to follow the rules of society, some are more aggressive, and willing to throw other people under the bus in their bid for a promotion. Cult leaders tend to act similarly, acting charming but ultimately bullying their way into leadership positions and ruling through fear and ignorance.

We like to think that the societal rules that we all follow are there to benefit us, but I’ve found time and time again that I’m paying arbitrary fees of all kinds that go straight to a rich businessperson somewhere…

Lalaloki … they sure discourage people from ever taking a day off, even when sick. And then, when people do call out sick, there’s a sort of underlying guilt involved. People are being paid to be there, sure, but in a cult, people are being “paid” salvation.

tracy This is perfect! “What’s important is listening to your inner Dana Scully, no matter how badly you want to believe. The truth is out there, sure, but it’s also inside you.”

Huh Wow, you should write a memoir! I grew up in a fundamentalist Christian church that was very cultish. We left in middle school and it was hard adjusting to the real world but my “inner Dana Scully” has been strong and made me skeptical of all things spiritual ever since. My advice: If a group (religious or otherwise) makes you isolated or relies heavily on secrets get the hell out!

FoxMulder She needs to know the truth is out there

breebree Moonies aren’t rich at all! The majority (my parents included) dropped out of school and donated ALL of their money to the church. And keep doing it. Ugh, so stupid.

berly I want to know why the cult did a ritual of hitting children? [ansu, a Korean shaman ritual to get rid of evil spirits]

_______________________________________

The FFWPU / Unification Church and Shamanism

Soon-ae Hong (the mother of Hak Ja Han) spent two years in Chuncheon Prison after Ansu beating an 18-year old boy to death.

Fear and Loathing at Cheongpyeong Lake

[kstruggles]

Random thought about Asian languages (in particular Japanese and languages spoken in China.

With European languages you can sometimes understand words from other languages (not alway loaned from that language, but from a common root word), even if you don't speak it. For example I recognized the sound of Portuguese as a language related to French, but not French (I not fluent in French, but have a bit of exposure due to being Canadian)

[evil-sarcastic-cinnamonroll]

Thank you, I was about to say the exact same thing. The entire English language is just a huge bunch of loan words, and so are most other words in most other languages. Because, in countries or regions that aren't entirely isolated from the rest of the world, languages have always influenced each other. French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese etc? All Latin-based. German? There is a reason they have a word for every nuance, and that is loan words from all their neighbours to fill language gaps they never knew they had. South America? Don't even bother. North America? Wtf you're not that old, you stole every single word. Scandinavia? Please. Eastern Europe? You have like 3 languages with dialects. North Africa and the Islamic part of Asia? You're just Arabian with new ideas. To be fair, I don't know much about anything south of that in Africa, and other Asian countries, but I'm certain that it's just the same story everywhere. And those language families aren't isolated either, but heavily influenced by languages that have seemingly nothing to do with each other. I have noticed similarities between Ukrainian and German, Russian and Spanish, French and Polish, Japanese and English and English variations spoken in Hawaii and New Zealand (because of the Maori migration some hundred years ago).

Every nation, every region, that has ever engaged in trade with other nations or cultures, that had fought in wars against other countries and gained or lost some territories, that has literally ever talked to any other country in the history of the civilized world, has influenced or loan words in their language. You cannot pretend to write in a language that is isolated from others, because there's probably about 3 words you can use, if you're lucky.

Everytime that Tumblr post about “You can’t use the word bungalow in fantasy worlds!” or whatever and then it’s all the fucking reblogs of all the words that have “specific origins” that you “can’t use” because “those people don’t exist” or “those places” or whatever.

Do you know how many fucking basic words we use to describe the world are derived from very specific people and very specific events? Or are stolen from languages in which those words come from VERY SPECIFIC PEOPLE and events? If you get rid of one, you might as well get rid of them all! Because just because YOU don’t know the VERY SPECIFIC HISTORICAL ORIGINS of this word, doesn’t mean your AUDIENCE doesn’t and wouldn’t that break immersion??

No. No it fucking wouldn’t. Not if you, you know, make it work.

What else would you do? Write in a god damn conlang? Because all I’m hearing is “because I know the origin of this word, therefore it can’t be in fantasy” and honestly fuck off.

I’m gonna go put bungalows in my fantasy now.

[hellowordpar]

Translation and Localization | Localization Companies in India – WordPar International

WordPar provides convenient solutions to your translation and localization requirements. Be it simple documents such as bank statements and travel documents to more complex documents such as product manuals and legal agreements – we have it all covered with teams of specialized and qualified translations, always native users of the target language.

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Translate Technical and Knowledge Documents

Convert your technical manuals and knowledge process documents Companies setting up shop in a new linguistic environment must translate their technical knowledge, process documents, procedures and manuals to the language of the target audience or for their own internal personnel in the new country. Multinational corporations must make their documentation ready for their new employees who speak, read and write a different language. Technical manuals for their customers and clients. Outreach to a different language community requires expert and qualified translation management companies like WordPar to make the documents available for the end-user, ensuring correct transfer of meaning, both content-wise as well as contextual, without compromising on correctness technical terminology and domain-specific language.

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Case Studies

Banking Software Banking software localization in Russian, Mandarin, Hebrew, Portuguese and Spanish

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Operators Manuals Operators manuals and training material translated from Japanese to Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam

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Abstraction & Summarisation of Legal Agreements Abstraction of lease agreements in Korean, Mandarin, Japanese, Russian, Ukrainian, French, German, Hungarian, Czech, Greek, Italian, Turkish, Arabic, Hebrew, Spanish and Portuguese

A global back office and outsourcing company outsourced the abstraction of lease agreements and related contracts. These contracts were available in various languages of Europe, Central Asia, East Asia and Latin America. Thousands of contracts for various economic regions needed to be summarised in English language and their data fed to a central database belonging to their clients.

The projects were executed with 99% accuracy with the help of legal experts, lawyers or legal translators from the various countries and with efficient project management. Some of the languages became repeat and ongoing projects while others remained sporadic requests.

The central legal team in the project management team had the task of transferring knowledge procedures and the nuances of abstract templates to every new recruit for every language pair. Identification of the right linguist for the requirements was another decisive element for the success of the project. Projects in various languages continue to this day.

Patents and articles translation Patents and articles translated from Chinese, Japanese, German, Korean and Russian to English.

A subsidiary manufacturing company wanted its patents and articles translated. Hundreds of scientific patents and articles for various economic regions needed to be translated in English language. The projects are executed with 99% accuracy with the help of translators with legal and technical expertise and with efficient project management. Most language projects are a continue to be an ongoing project. To know more about WordPar Translation and Localization, Kindly visit us at https://www.wordpar.com/translation-localization/ Contact Details: info@wordpar.com +91 8041732999

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